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Writing,
Reading, Listening & Speaking:
Using Reference Sources
As you go through school, you will need to use reference
sources to find information about topics, locate facts,
and answer questions. Here are five types of reference
sources you should use. Each type is available in print
forms, on CD-ROMs, and on the Internet.
1. Dictionary
A
dictionary
provides information about
the meaning, pronunciation, and spelling of words.
Unabridged
dictionaries
attempt to be complete by
including
all
words
currently in use in a language. They provide extensive
information about the words included.
Abridged dictionaries
omit words that do not
regularly appear in books, magazines, and newspapers.
Specialized dictionaries
provide
detailed information about the words that apply to a
particular subject such as space, math, biology,
psychology, and many more. They include technical words
that are rarely used outside of the subject.
2. Thesaurus
A
thesaurus
contains synonyms for
commonly used words. A
synonym
is a
word that has the same meaning or nearly the same
meaning as another word. For example, “simple” is a
synonym for “easy.” A thesaurus contains many more
synonyms for a word than does a dictionary. A thesaurus
can help you precisely express your ideas when writing.
3. Encyclopedia
An
encyclopedia
contains articles on a
variety of subjects. The articles are written by experts
on each of the subjects. In addition to articles,
encyclopedias may include illustrations and diagrams,
definitions of some words, and references to additional
information. A
general encyclopedia
includes overview articles on
a wide range of topics. A
subject encyclopedia
contains longer and more
detailed articles on specific topics, events, or fields
of study.
4. Almanac
An
almanac
is an annual single-volume
reference source that contains useful facts about a wide
range of topics. You can learn about countries of the
world, government, historical events, and many other
topics. Because almanacs are revised each year, the
information is current.
5. Atlas
An
atlas
is a collection of maps. The
most common atlas contains maps that show the political
and physical features of countries throughout the world.
A
political map
shows government boundaries. A
physical map
shows the features of the earth's surface such as
mountains, deserts, and bodies of water. You may also
use a
road map
to learn
how to get from place to place. There are also
specialized atlases
for such things as weather
across the world, oceans of the world, and even the
anatomy of the human body.
Wherever you study, be sure you have access to each of
these important reference sources.
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