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Research Articles:
Standardized Tests
I INTRODUCTION
Standardized Tests, exams
designed to objectively measure the academic aptitude of
students from varying social backgrounds and with different
educational experience.
Students in the United
States take standardized tests in elementary school, in high
school, and at the undergraduate and graduate levels of
higher education. Most standardized tests are administered
through the Educational Testing Service (ETS) or the
American College Testing (ACT) Program. Educational
institutions use the results of standardized tests to
evaluate a student’s academic performance, as well as to
assess a high school or college student’s potential for
undertaking an undergraduate or graduate degree program.
More than 100 million tests are administered each year in
the United States.
II HISTORY
In 1900 a consortium of
prestigious East Coast colleges and universities known as
Ivy League schools formed the College Entrance Examination
Board, or College Board. The College Board was designed to
address the concerns of students who were required to take
different entrance examinations for each college or
university to which they applied. In 1901 the College Board
began administering essay exams in a variety of subjects.
The introduction of these exams enabled students to take a
single set of exams when applying for admission to several
different schools. In 1926 the College Board introduced a
multiple-choice entrance examination called the Scholastic
Aptitude Test, or SAT. The SAT had been developed in the
1920s by a commission headed by Princeton University
psychologist Carl Brigham. It was modeled partly on the
short-answer format of mental tests given to United States
Army recruits during World War I (1914-1918) (see
Intelligence: Creation of Group Tests). By the early 1940s
most colleges and universities in the United States were
using the SAT, in conjunction with school grades, to predict
college performance and determine admission.
In 1937 the Cooperative
Graduate Testing Program, a division of the Carnegie
Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, introduced the
Graduate Record Exam (GRE) to evaluate students applying for
graduate degree programs. In 1947 the Carnegie Foundation,
together with the College Board and the American Council on
Education, created the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to
administer both the SAT and the GRE. By the 1960s the ETS
was the central administrator of educational testing in the
United States. It had also expanded its role to include the
administration of aptitude testing for elementary school
students.
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