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Research Articles:
History
of Teaching
Teaching
1- INTRODUCTION
Teaching is the
systematic presentation of facts, ideas, skills, and
techniques to students. Although human beings have survived
and evolved as a species partly because of a capacity to
share knowledge, teaching as a profession did not emerge
until relatively recently. The societies of the ancient
world that made substantial advances in knowledge and
government, however, were those in which specially
designated people assumed responsibility for educating the
young.
2- HISTORY OF TEACHING
In ancient India, China,
Egypt, and Judea, teaching was often performed by a priest
or prophet, and the teacher enjoyed prestige and privilege.
Among the Jews, many adults considered teachers the guides
to salvation and urged children to honor their teachers even
more than their parents.
The ancient Greeks, whose
respect for learning is evident in their art, politics, and
philosophy, saw the value in educating children (see
Ancient Greece). Wealthy Greeks added teachers to their
households, often slaves from conquered states. At the
height of the Roman Empire, during the first five centuries
ad, Roman citizens also followed the practice of having
teacher-slaves, usually Greeks. The English word
pedagogue, a synonym for teacher, comes directly from
the Greek word for slave.
By the Middle Ages in
Europe (5th century to 15th century), the Roman Catholic
Church had taken over the responsibility for teaching, which
was conducted in monasteries and specially designated
learning centers. Many of these learning centers evolved
gradually into major universities, such as the Universities
of Paris in France, and the University of Bologna, in Italy.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, interest in the education of
children intensified among Europeans, and knowledge about
teaching methods increased. French cleric and educator Saint
John Baptist de la Salle, and later Swiss education reformer
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, founded model schools for young
people. They also made significant advances in education by
training other teachers in their educational theories and
methods (see Teacher Training).
In North America a
commitment to education played an important part in colonial
development of the continent. The colony of Massachusetts
passed a law in 1647 requiring towns with 50 or more
families to establish an elementary school and those with
100 or more families to establish Latin grammar schools for
secondary-level education (see Grammar School:
Latin Grammar School). Colonists in North America also
valued the role of higher education. Harvard College (later
renamed Harvard University) was founded in Massachusetts in
1636, and the College of William and Mary was established in
Virginia in 1693. Some of the most prominent early
Americans, particularly Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and
Benjamin Franklin, argued strongly for a national education
system. They considered education not only a means of
harnessing talent in the nation, but also a means of
teaching people the demands of democratic citizenship. Not
until the 20th century, however, did teachers in the United
States begin to enjoy professional status.
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